{ "version": 3, "sources": ["ssg:https://framerusercontent.com/modules/gdCbWiV9rmzOxuyd4JrN/Tt39px0FMpTRzp1zNqLl/fl6sAeySc.js"], "sourcesContent": ["import{jsx as e,jsxs as t}from\"react/jsx-runtime\";import{addPropertyControls as i,ControlType as n,Link as a}from\"framer\";import*as r from\"react\";let o=\"nfStMbiy9\",s=\"rIicf63IX\",h=\"GwxTwho3z\",l=\"VoZVUMm_u\",c=\"a3pSDzPHO\",d=\"TwxOCANHd\",m=\"xrtj84AtX\",p=(e,t)=>{if(e&&\"object\"==typeof e)return{...e,alt:t};},u=[{index:0,id:\"h_xLpu3D1\",[o]:\"Landmarks and innovations: tracing the journey of Wild Heerbrugg Ltd.\",[s]:\"wild-heerbrugg-landmarks-and-innovations\",[h]:'In April, a workshop named \"Heinrich Wild, Precision Mechanics and Optics\" is established in Heerbrugg by Colonel Jacob Schmidheiny of Balgach, geologist Dr. Robert Helbling of Flums, and surveyor Heinrich Wild of Glarus.',[l]:p({positionX:\"51.9%\",positionY:\"27.1%\",src:\"https://framerusercontent.com/images/Lk27VXVTUJuOdnCzC3lKcz44o4.jpg\",srcSet:\"https://framerusercontent.com/images/Lk27VXVTUJuOdnCzC3lKcz44o4.jpg?scale-down-to=512 512w,https://framerusercontent.com/images/Lk27VXVTUJuOdnCzC3lKcz44o4.jpg?scale-down-to=1024 1024w,https://framerusercontent.com/images/Lk27VXVTUJuOdnCzC3lKcz44o4.jpg?scale-down-to=2048 2048w,https://framerusercontent.com/images/Lk27VXVTUJuOdnCzC3lKcz44o4.jpg 2400w\"},\"Landmarks and innovations: tracing the journey of Wild Heerbrugg Ltd.\"),[c]:\"2024-02-01T00:00:00.000Z\",[d]:/*#__PURE__*/t(r.Fragment,{children:[/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1921\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:'In April, a workshop named \"Heinrich Wild, Precision Mechanics and Optics\" is established in Heerbrugg by Colonel Jacob Schmidheiny of Balgach, geologist Dr. Robert Helbling of Flums, and surveyor Heinrich Wild of Glarus.'}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"With around 30 employees, Heinrich Wild begins crafting his inaugural instruments, including the T2 Universal Theodolite.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{className:\"trailing-break\"})}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"img\",{alt:\"Heinrich Wild, Precision Mechanics and Optics\",className:\"framer-image\",\"data-framer-asset\":\"data:framer/asset-reference,oSe3gzgnHgl3risNToCIKaWdj4.jpg?originalFilename=Heinrich-Wild-Precision-Mechanics-and-Optics.jpg\",\"data-framer-height\":\"1500\",\"data-framer-width\":\"2400\",height:\"750\",src:\"https://framerusercontent.com/images/oSe3gzgnHgl3risNToCIKaWdj4.jpg\",srcSet:\"https://framerusercontent.com/images/oSe3gzgnHgl3risNToCIKaWdj4.jpg?scale-down-to=512 512w,https://framerusercontent.com/images/oSe3gzgnHgl3risNToCIKaWdj4.jpg?scale-down-to=1024 1024w,https://framerusercontent.com/images/oSe3gzgnHgl3risNToCIKaWdj4.jpg?scale-down-to=2048 2048w,https://framerusercontent.com/images/oSe3gzgnHgl3risNToCIKaWdj4.jpg 2400w\",style:{aspectRatio:\"2400 / 1500\"},width:\"1200\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/e(\"em\",{children:\"The company's workshop name in 1921.\"})}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{className:\"trailing-break\"})}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1922\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"During autumn, the inaugural phototheodolite becomes operational, coinciding with the establishment of an apprenticeship school for precision mechanics.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1923\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:'A joint-stock company named \"Heinrich Wild - Geodetic Instruments Sales Company\" is founded to market their products, receiving a substantial financial boost from Ernst Schmidheiny.'}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"The first A1 Stereo-Autograph undergoes testing, marking the initial sale of their leveling equipment.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Their international reach begins with Ahrend Holding N.V. in Amsterdam becoming their first overseas agent, while the company establishes its own construction department.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1924\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:'The initial batch of T2 Universal Theodolites is dispatched, leading to the absorption of \"Heinrich Wild, Precision Mechanics and Optics\" into the \"Heinrich Wild - Geodetic Instruments Sales Company.\"'}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1925\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Development continues with the design of an optical alidade for a plane table, and the completion of the first Universal Autograph in June.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Plans are underway for the T3 Precision Theodolite and the N3 Precision Level, while the workforce expands to 130.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Albert Schmidheini joins as Managing Director.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1926\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Production facilities for optical components are relocated to Rebstein, along with the establishment of an optics training school.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"The A2 Autograph enters mass production, while international representation expands to include agencies in Stockholm and Milan.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1927\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"The factory's first aerial camera, the C1, is rolled out, alongside the establishment of additional agencies in Spain, Austria, and beyond.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1928\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Serial production commences for the T2 and T3 theodolites, N1, N2, and N3 levels, P3 Phototheodolite, and A2 Autograph.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Gebr. Wichmann K.G., Berlin, becomes the German agent.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1929\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Production begins for the C2 and C3 Aerial Cameras.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1930\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Expansion necessitates the addition of an upper floor to the Heerbrugg factory, coinciding with a surge in the workforce to 260.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"New ventures include agency openings in Mexico, bringing the global count to 27.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{className:\"trailing-break\"})}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"img\",{alt:\"\",className:\"framer-image\",\"data-framer-asset\":\"data:framer/asset-reference,HoUCj7XY6C0IRf0XBvKXeEUjYvU.jpg\",\"data-framer-height\":\"1500\",\"data-framer-width\":\"2400\",height:\"750\",src:\"https://framerusercontent.com/images/HoUCj7XY6C0IRf0XBvKXeEUjYvU.jpg\",srcSet:\"https://framerusercontent.com/images/HoUCj7XY6C0IRf0XBvKXeEUjYvU.jpg?scale-down-to=512 512w,https://framerusercontent.com/images/HoUCj7XY6C0IRf0XBvKXeEUjYvU.jpg?scale-down-to=1024 1024w,https://framerusercontent.com/images/HoUCj7XY6C0IRf0XBvKXeEUjYvU.jpg?scale-down-to=2048 2048w,https://framerusercontent.com/images/HoUCj7XY6C0IRf0XBvKXeEUjYvU.jpg 2400w\",style:{aspectRatio:\"2400 / 1500\"},width:\"1200\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/t(\"em\",{children:[\"Instrument control area at the Heerbrugg factory, 1930.\",/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{})]})}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1931\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"The economic downturn impacts operations, leading to a reduction in the workforce to 151.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1932\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Production diversifies with the introduction of the NK1 Compact Level, T0 Compass Theodolite, T1 Repetition Theodolite, and more.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"New agencies are established in Finland, Greece, and the United States.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1933\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Market offerings expand with the T0 Compass Theodolite, C12 Stereometric Camera, and A4 Autograph.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"The workforce contracts to 125.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1934\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"The factory releases its first T1 Theodolite and E1 Rectifier.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1935\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Expanding global presence includes agencies in Oslo, Bangkok, and Haifa, alongside a new agency in Turkey.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1936\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Agencies are established in Luxembourg and El Salvador.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1937\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Product enhancements include the N2 Engineer's Level and the A5 Autograph, alongside the introduction of the RC3 Automatic Aerial Camera.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1938\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Innovations continue with the A6 Second-Order Stereo-Plotter and the S3 Stereoscope.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/t(\"p\",{children:[\"Expanded facilities accommodate a growing workforce of 630, with representation in 37 countries.\",/*#__PURE__*/e(\"em\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{})})]}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1939\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"New products include the K2 Optical Alidade, with the company diversifying into microscope production.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Military service impacts the workforce as World War II begins.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1940\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"The establishment of an Insurance Fund marks a step towards employee welfare.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1941\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Further support is provided with the creation of a Company Welfare Fund and expanded research facilities.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1942\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Product developments include the RC5 Automatic Aerial Camera.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1943\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Innovations continue with the launch of the TM0 Rangefinder and the expansion of factory premises.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1944\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"New products include the T4 Universal Instrument.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1945\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Global expansion sees the opening of agencies in the Philippines and Venezuela.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1946\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"The company extends its reach with new agencies in India and Singapore.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1947\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Product offerings expand with the introduction of microscopes.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Company acquisitions include OMAG in Allschwil, Switzerland.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1948\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Innovations include the Aviotar photogrammetric lenses.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"International expansion includes the founding of overseas agencies.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1949\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Production expands with the A7 Autograph and establishment of research departments.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1950\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Further product releases include the A8 Autograph and RC7 Aerial Camera.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"International presence grows with new agencies.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{className:\"trailing-break\"})}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"img\",{alt:\"\",className:\"framer-image\",\"data-framer-asset\":\"data:framer/asset-reference,bpWmTh5oHZn333zH3yNPPKbbMvg.jpg\",\"data-framer-height\":\"1500\",\"data-framer-width\":\"2400\",height:\"750\",src:\"https://framerusercontent.com/images/bpWmTh5oHZn333zH3yNPPKbbMvg.jpg\",srcSet:\"https://framerusercontent.com/images/bpWmTh5oHZn333zH3yNPPKbbMvg.jpg?scale-down-to=512 512w,https://framerusercontent.com/images/bpWmTh5oHZn333zH3yNPPKbbMvg.jpg?scale-down-to=1024 1024w,https://framerusercontent.com/images/bpWmTh5oHZn333zH3yNPPKbbMvg.jpg?scale-down-to=2048 2048w,https://framerusercontent.com/images/bpWmTh5oHZn333zH3yNPPKbbMvg.jpg 2400w\",style:{aspectRatio:\"2400 / 1500\"},width:\"1200\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/t(\"em\",{children:[\"A8 Autograph stereoplotters in operation, circa 1950.\",/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{})]})}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1951\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Wild Paris, a company-owned agency, is established in France.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1952\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"New products include the BC4 Ballistic Camera. International exposure grows with participation in the 7th International Photogrammetric Congress.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1953\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Infrastructure expands with the opening of a new administrative building in Heerbrugg\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1954\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Product lineup expands with the RC8 Aerial Camera and Reprogon.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1955\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"New products include the TM10 Tacheometric Rangefinder and T16 Direct Reading Theodolite.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1956\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:'Innovations continue with improvements to the T2 Universal Theodolite. The \"Optik-Hus\" canteen and social center opens in Heerbrugg.'}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1957\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"New products include the A9 Autograph and RC9 Super-Wide-Angle Camera. Expansion continues with the establishment of Wild Portugal.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1958\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Enhancements include the T1A Theodolite with automatic vertical index. New products include the B8 and B9 Aviographs. 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Expansion continues with agencies in Nigeria and New Zealand.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1960\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"New products include the M5 Stereomicroscope with drawing tube. The Insurance Fund transitions to a Pension Fund.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1961\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Further developments include enhancements to the M4 Stereomicroscope. Workforce reaches a milestone of 3000 employees. New subsidiaries are established in Oberriet and Rio de Janeiro.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1962\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"New products include the NA2 Automatic Level and DI50 Microwave Distancer. Infrastructure expands with the completion of a new optics building in Rebstein. Acquisitions include the Leidolf camera factory in Wetzlar, Germany.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1963\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Innovations continue with the GAK1 Gyro Attachment and Universal-Aviogon lens. Infrastructure expands with the completion of a new microscope assembly building. Subsidiary company OMAG relocates to a new factory.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1964\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:'Product lineup expands with the B8 Stereomat and M40 Inverted Microscope. Corporate identity transitions to \"Wild Heerbrugg Ltd.\"'}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1965\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"New products include the Transmitted Light Base for stereomicroscopes and IBM 360/40 computer installation. New subsidiary company is founded in Munich.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1966\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Innovations continue with the M4A Stereomicroscope and M500 Infra-Red/Ultraviolet Image Converter Unit. Workforce reaches a milestone of 3724 employees. New subsidiary is established in Stockholm.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1967\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Product lineup expands with the SR9500 GPS survey receiver. Infrastructure expands with the addition of a self-service restaurant.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1968\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"New products include the DI10 Distomat Infra-Red Distancer and RC10 Universal Film Camera. Expansion continues with the founding of subsidiaries in the United States and Austria.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1969\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Product lineup expands with the M501 Sampling Microscope. Research and development continue with Phase I GPS user equipment.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1970\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"New products include the M7 Zoom Stereomicroscope. Infrastructure expands with the construction of a new research and development building. Expansion continues with the establishment of a subsidiary factory in Austria.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1971\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Expansion continues with plans to set up a subsidiary factory in Singapore. New products include the B8S Aviograph and P32 Terrestrial Camera.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1972\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"End of production on drawing instruments. New models introduced: Wild T2 with digital reading. Contracts secured for defining 621B Signal structure.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1973\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Introduction of DISTOMAT Wild DI3.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1974\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Introduction of GLO Laser ocular and Wild RC10 Aerial camera. Contract secured for developing Phase I GPS user equipment.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1975\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Introduction of new models: Wild T05, T1, and T16. Introduction of new microscope M8.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1976\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Introduction of Epimakroscop Wild M450 and Photomakroskop M400. Introduction of Avioplan Wild OR1. Development and delivery of Phase I GPS equipment.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1977\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Introduction of Wild Tachymat TC1. Introduction of Magnavox X-Set for tracking GPS signal from space.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{className:\"trailing-break\"})}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"img\",{alt:\"\",className:\"framer-image\",\"data-framer-asset\":\"data:framer/asset-reference,Yxu425hYlXrcgoMQtGSuc5zJkCg.jpg\",\"data-framer-height\":\"1500\",\"data-framer-width\":\"2400\",height:\"750\",src:\"https://framerusercontent.com/images/Yxu425hYlXrcgoMQtGSuc5zJkCg.jpg\",srcSet:\"https://framerusercontent.com/images/Yxu425hYlXrcgoMQtGSuc5zJkCg.jpg?scale-down-to=512 512w,https://framerusercontent.com/images/Yxu425hYlXrcgoMQtGSuc5zJkCg.jpg?scale-down-to=1024 1024w,https://framerusercontent.com/images/Yxu425hYlXrcgoMQtGSuc5zJkCg.jpg?scale-down-to=2048 2048w,https://framerusercontent.com/images/Yxu425hYlXrcgoMQtGSuc5zJkCg.jpg 2400w\",style:{aspectRatio:\"2400 / 1500\"},width:\"1200\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/t(\"em\",{children:[\"The fully automatic electronic infrared tachymeter TC1 was presented at the 15th FIG Congress in Stockholm in 1977.\",/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{})]})}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1978\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Introduction of new models: Wild N3, ZL, and NL. Introduction of integrated Transit and Omega navigator, the MX1105.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1979\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Introduction of Mikrophotosystem MPS45.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1980\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Introduction of DISTOMAT Wild DI4 and Aviolyt AC1. Commencement of production of surgery microscopes M610/M630/M650.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1981\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Introduction of Wild DI10 and Di20. Introduction of MX4102 marine satellite navigator.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1982\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Introduction of Wild BC1.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1983\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Introduction of Theomat Wild T2000 and surgery microscope M690.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1984\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Introduction of DISTOMAT Wild DI5. Introduction of first five-channel commercial GPS receiver, the T-Set.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{className:\"trailing-break\"})}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"img\",{alt:\"\",className:\"framer-image\",\"data-framer-asset\":\"data:framer/asset-reference,JMsjeKuqy8CySw3trjdO1XjxzDQ.jpg\",\"data-framer-height\":\"1500\",\"data-framer-width\":\"2400\",height:\"750\",src:\"https://framerusercontent.com/images/JMsjeKuqy8CySw3trjdO1XjxzDQ.jpg\",srcSet:\"https://framerusercontent.com/images/JMsjeKuqy8CySw3trjdO1XjxzDQ.jpg?scale-down-to=512 512w,https://framerusercontent.com/images/JMsjeKuqy8CySw3trjdO1XjxzDQ.jpg?scale-down-to=1024 1024w,https://framerusercontent.com/images/JMsjeKuqy8CySw3trjdO1XjxzDQ.jpg?scale-down-to=2048 2048w,https://framerusercontent.com/images/JMsjeKuqy8CySw3trjdO1XjxzDQ.jpg 2400w\",style:{aspectRatio:\"2400 / 1500\"},width:\"1200\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/t(\"em\",{children:['The GPS surveying system WM101 \"is an easily transportable equipment weighing just 14.5 kilograms\" - as it was advertised in 1984.',/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{})]})}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1985\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Introduction of DISTOMAT Wild DI1000 and electronic Theodolite Wild T1000. Development and delivery of Phase II GPS user equipment.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1986\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Introduction of Wild WM101 and WM102 GPS Surveyor. Introduction of compact and rugged MX4400 commercial GPS navigator.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1987\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Introduction of AVIOPHOT Wild RC20 Luftbild-Aufnahmesystem. Introduction of MX4818, the first six-channel differential GPS reference station.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1988\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Introduction of Laser level Wild LNA2 and DISTOMAT Wild DI2000. Introduction of Theomat Wild T3000 and T1600. Introduction of Tachymeter Wild TC1000 and TC1600.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1989\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Introduction of surgery microscope M655 and Mikrophotosystem MPS46/52. Introduction of Plotter Wild TA41. Development of Fast Ambiguity Resolution Approach (FARA) for GPS.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1990\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Introduction of Zoom-Stereo microscope M10 and Digital level Wild NA2000. Introduction of GPS + GLONASS navigation receiver. Introduction of all-digital six-channel GPS receiver, the MX4200.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1991\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Introduction of Laser tracker: Leica SMART310. Introduction of GPS Planning and Postprocessing Software (SKI).\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1992\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Introduction of DISTO Handheld distance meter: Leica DISTO. Development under Technology Reinvestment Project (TRP) for GPS-based Computer Aided Earth Moving (CAEM).\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1993\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Introduction of VECTOR Binoculars: Leica VECTOR. Participation as TRP winner for GPS-based technology development.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1994\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Introduction of Leica DISTO, the first handheld laser meter. Participation in GPS user equipment development.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1995\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Introduction of MX 9400, the world's most accurate L1 GPS navigation receiver. Introduction of System 300, a GPS Survey System.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1996\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Design and installation of world's first high-precision real-time reference station network for Oresund project. Introduction of SR9500 GPS survey receiver.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1998\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Introduction of Reflectorless total stations: Leica TPS1100 Professional Series and TPS300 Basic Series.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h2\",{children:\"1999\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Introduction of ClearTrak\u2122 GPS receiver technology from Leica.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{className:\"trailing-break\"})}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"img\",{alt:\"\",className:\"framer-image\",\"data-framer-asset\":\"data:framer/asset-reference,UmnbCAl7tfYmjiJkojtpuy9gA.jpg\",\"data-framer-height\":\"1500\",\"data-framer-width\":\"2400\",height:\"750\",src:\"https://framerusercontent.com/images/UmnbCAl7tfYmjiJkojtpuy9gA.jpg\",srcSet:\"https://framerusercontent.com/images/UmnbCAl7tfYmjiJkojtpuy9gA.jpg?scale-down-to=512 512w,https://framerusercontent.com/images/UmnbCAl7tfYmjiJkojtpuy9gA.jpg?scale-down-to=1024 1024w,https://framerusercontent.com/images/UmnbCAl7tfYmjiJkojtpuy9gA.jpg?scale-down-to=2048 2048w,https://framerusercontent.com/images/UmnbCAl7tfYmjiJkojtpuy9gA.jpg 2400w\",style:{aspectRatio:\"2400 / 1500\"},width:\"1200\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/e(\"em\",{children:\"The portable imaging laser scanner BLK2GO, released to the market in 2019, digitises spaces in 3D while in motion.\"})}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{className:\"trailing-break\"})})]}),[m]:\"\"},{index:1,id:\"Ij4qBe4Y6\",[o]:\"Recently discovered relationship between Heinrich Wild and Albert Einstein\",[s]:\"heinrich-wild-albert-einstein-relation\",[h]:\"In this article the focus lies on an intriguing connection between Albert Einstein, renowned for his brilliance as a physicist, philosopher, and engineer, and Heinrich Wild\",[l]:p({positionX:\"45.4%\",positionY:\"33.1%\",src:\"https://framerusercontent.com/images/R0mo88dpZG3ZG1jn0HE5l6wu8A.jpg\",srcSet:\"https://framerusercontent.com/images/R0mo88dpZG3ZG1jn0HE5l6wu8A.jpg?scale-down-to=512 512w,https://framerusercontent.com/images/R0mo88dpZG3ZG1jn0HE5l6wu8A.jpg?scale-down-to=1024 1024w,https://framerusercontent.com/images/R0mo88dpZG3ZG1jn0HE5l6wu8A.jpg 2000w\"},\"Newly discovered relation between Heinrich Wild and Albert Einstein\"),[c]:\"2024-04-27T00:00:00.000Z\",[d]:/*#__PURE__*/t(r.Fragment,{children:[/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"In this article the focus lies on an intriguing connection between Albert Einstein, renowned for his brilliance as a physicist, philosopher, and engineer, and Heinrich Wild, the pioneering figure in modern surveying metrology. With the fervour surrounding the Einstein year now settled, there's an opportunity to revisit Einstein's legacy and unearth previously overlooked insights. The exploration will unveil striking parallels between Albert Einstein and Heinrich Wild, the founder of Wild Heerbrugg company, which served as the precursor to today's Leica Geosystems Ltd., established in 1921. Their collective influence on our understanding of earth measurement prompts speculation about a potential dialogue between these two luminaries, given the abundance of similarities.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Fritz Staudacher, during his tenure as head of the communication department at Leica Geosystems Ltd. in Heerbrugg, had already discerned some of these parallels. However, it was only in his retirement that he found the time to delve into research and consolidate his findings into a book project.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Notably, both the birth of relativity and significant aspects of quantum theory trace back to Bern, the Swiss federal capital, a century ago. Simultaneously, the evolution of modern earth and land surveying technologies was underway. Heinrich Wild, classified as a III. class expert, contributed to advancements in earth measurement and mapping through his innovative optomechanical instruments while Albert Einstein, also classified as a III. class expert, laid the theoretical groundwork for today's laser, GPS, and digital sensor measurement technologies during his tenure at the Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property in Bern.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Remarkably, Einstein and Wild independently reshaped a pivotal chapter in surveying history a century ago. Despite their shared biographical parallels - residing in the same locales and pursuing similar professional paths - existing records suggest that the two luminaries were not acquainted. Or were they?\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{className:\"trailing-break\"})}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"img\",{alt:\"ETH honorary doctors\",className:\"framer-image\",\"data-framer-asset\":\"data:framer/asset-reference,SX6XSRqwAqGDZKfuqJPZrPN209k.jpg?originalFilename=ETH-honorary-doctors.jpg\",\"data-framer-height\":\"1710\",\"data-framer-width\":\"2406\",height:\"855\",src:\"https://framerusercontent.com/images/SX6XSRqwAqGDZKfuqJPZrPN209k.jpg\",srcSet:\"https://framerusercontent.com/images/SX6XSRqwAqGDZKfuqJPZrPN209k.jpg?scale-down-to=512 512w,https://framerusercontent.com/images/SX6XSRqwAqGDZKfuqJPZrPN209k.jpg?scale-down-to=1024 1024w,https://framerusercontent.com/images/SX6XSRqwAqGDZKfuqJPZrPN209k.jpg?scale-down-to=2048 2048w,https://framerusercontent.com/images/SX6XSRqwAqGDZKfuqJPZrPN209k.jpg 2406w\",style:{aspectRatio:\"2406 / 1710\"},width:\"1203\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"img\",{alt:\"\",className:\"framer-image\",\"data-framer-asset\":\"data:framer/asset-reference,rp9kIz5wJaxTfppqzdvB4ayM.jpg\",\"data-framer-height\":\"926\",\"data-framer-width\":\"2766\",height:\"463\",src:\"https://framerusercontent.com/images/rp9kIz5wJaxTfppqzdvB4ayM.jpg\",srcSet:\"https://framerusercontent.com/images/rp9kIz5wJaxTfppqzdvB4ayM.jpg?scale-down-to=512 512w,https://framerusercontent.com/images/rp9kIz5wJaxTfppqzdvB4ayM.jpg?scale-down-to=1024 1024w,https://framerusercontent.com/images/rp9kIz5wJaxTfppqzdvB4ayM.jpg?scale-down-to=2048 2048w,https://framerusercontent.com/images/rp9kIz5wJaxTfppqzdvB4ayM.jpg 2766w\",style:{aspectRatio:\"2766 / 926\"},width:\"1383\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/t(\"em\",{children:[\"Images: This newly discovered image depicts the Nobel Prize winner Albert Einstein, aged 51, alongside Heinrich Wild, among other honorary doctors of ETH in the year 1930. It was captured during the ceremony commemorating the 75th anniversary of the Swiss Technical University at the Zurich Municipal Theatre on November 7th, 1930. \\xa9 Image archive, Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich.\",/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{})]})}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h3\",{children:\"Simultaneous education and career paths\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:'Both individuals embarked on similar educational and professional trajectories, shaping their remarkable parallel journeys. They departed formal education early and enrolled at Zurich Technical University in 1896. Transitioning into federal employment as III. class officials within Bernese administrations, they pioneered innovative ideas. Coincidentally, both tied the knot in Bern at the age of 23 and resided on Thunstrasse with their families concurrently. Subsequently, they departed Bern after seven years, venturing into new career paths in Germany prior to the onset of the First World War. Despite enduring the harsh conditions of the \"bonce winter\" and the collapse of the German empire, they continued to thrive professionally. In a testament to their achievements, both were bestowed with the prestigious Doctor Honoris Causa award by the Swiss Technical University Zurich in 1930.'}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h3\",{children:\"Albert Einstein: physicist and gyrocompass innovator\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Einstein's groundbreaking theories bore the imprint of land surveyors and mathematicians, notably Henri Poincar\\xe9, whose work greatly influenced him. Poincar\\xe9's insights, derived from the renowned length office in S\\xe8vres, informed Einstein's formulation of the relativity theories in Zurich and Bern. Additionally, Einstein drew upon the mathematical frameworks of Carl Friedrich Gauss, a luminary in both mathematics and surveying. Beyond theoretical physics, Einstein ventured into practical innovation, patenting a gyroscopic compass device manufactured in Kiel. This endeavour not only interrupted his work on the general relativity theory in 1915 but also served as a conceptual model for his atomic depiction of permanent magnetism.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h3\",{children:\"Heinrich Wild: innovator and entrepreneur\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Heinrich Wild's legacy extends beyond inventive prowess to encompass entrepreneurial acumen. A trailblazer in technical innovation, Wild founded multiple business entities focused on enhancing measurement equipment. His endeavours revolutionised the field of surveying, shaping companies such as Zeiss in Jena, Germany, and later, his own venture, Leica Geosystems Ltd., in Switzerland. Wild's contributions extended to the initiation of photogrammetry groups and the development of new geodetic instruments at Kern in Aarau. Revered as the \\\"most important designer of geodetic instruments who has ever lived\\\" by a German professional journal, Wild's impact on the industry remains unparalleled.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{className:\"trailing-break\"})}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"img\",{alt:\"Recently discovered relationship between Heinrich Wild and Albert Einstein\",className:\"framer-image\",\"data-framer-asset\":\"data:framer/asset-reference,4Q2d2wGIRoVtRwbOLuodIlPUbrc.jpg?originalFilename=walk-einstein-wild.jpg\",\"data-framer-height\":\"1604\",\"data-framer-width\":\"2406\",height:\"802\",src:\"https://framerusercontent.com/images/4Q2d2wGIRoVtRwbOLuodIlPUbrc.jpg\",srcSet:\"https://framerusercontent.com/images/4Q2d2wGIRoVtRwbOLuodIlPUbrc.jpg?scale-down-to=512 512w,https://framerusercontent.com/images/4Q2d2wGIRoVtRwbOLuodIlPUbrc.jpg?scale-down-to=1024 1024w,https://framerusercontent.com/images/4Q2d2wGIRoVtRwbOLuodIlPUbrc.jpg?scale-down-to=2048 2048w,https://framerusercontent.com/images/4Q2d2wGIRoVtRwbOLuodIlPUbrc.jpg 2406w\",style:{aspectRatio:\"2406 / 1604\"},width:\"1203\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/t(\"em\",{children:[\"Image: Artistic interpretation depicting Albert Einstein and Heinrich Wild.\",/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{})]})}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h3\",{children:\"Global significance and market leadership\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Swiss cartography commands global acclaim for its terrestrial maps and mountain representations, including Mount Everest. Swiss surveying instruments stand at the forefront of technological innovation worldwide. While optomechanical instruments dominated the first half of the 20th century, contemporary systems harness sophisticated laser, GPS, and digital sensor technologies, incorporating principles from Einstein's photoeffect and Wild's design principles. Notably, Einstein's relativistic corrections underpin the functionality of GPS systems. A recent discovery in the ETH archives revealed a photograph capturing both luminaries receiving honorary doctorates from the Swiss Technical University Zurich in 1930, symbolising the culmination of their parallel trajectories.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"The absence of a patent application jointly submitted by Heinrich Wild and reviewed by Albert Einstein during their time in Bern remains a curious anomaly. Nevertheless, the convergence of Einstein's theoretical insights and Wild's technical innovations in Bern a century ago continues to reverberate, enhancing our understanding and navigation not only on Earth but also in space, shaping landmarks, structures, and maps across the globe.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/t(\"p\",{children:[/*#__PURE__*/e(\"em\",{children:\"This article is an adaptation of one written by Fritz Staudacher and originally published on the Swiss Physical Society website, \"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(a,{href:\"https://www.sps.ch/en/articles/physics-anecdotes/wild-einstein-relation-discovered-newly-1\",openInNewTab:!0,smoothScroll:!1,children:/*#__PURE__*/e(\"a\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/e(\"em\",{children:\"which can be found here.\"})})})]})]}),[m]:\"\"},{index:2,id:\"CGIu_ezgH\",[o]:\"Tribute article to Heinrich Wild (the son) upon his retirement from the Board of Directors of Kern & Co.\",[s]:\"tribute-article-to-heinrich-wild-son\",[h]:'This article was originally published in the \"Swiss Journal of Surveying, Cultural Engineering, and Photogrammetry\u201D now available in the ETH Library, which pays tribute to Heinrich Wild (the son) upon his retirement from the Board of Directors of Kern & Co.',[l]:p({positionX:\"51%\",positionY:\"39.8%\",src:\"https://framerusercontent.com/images/Id9GO81gNm6n68mEJv8B0SGPz10.jpg\",srcSet:\"https://framerusercontent.com/images/Id9GO81gNm6n68mEJv8B0SGPz10.jpg?scale-down-to=512 512w,https://framerusercontent.com/images/Id9GO81gNm6n68mEJv8B0SGPz10.jpg?scale-down-to=1024 1024w,https://framerusercontent.com/images/Id9GO81gNm6n68mEJv8B0SGPz10.jpg?scale-down-to=2048 2048w,https://framerusercontent.com/images/Id9GO81gNm6n68mEJv8B0SGPz10.jpg 2400w\"},\"\"),[c]:\"2024-02-23T00:00:00.000Z\",[d]:/*#__PURE__*/t(r.Fragment,{children:[/*#__PURE__*/t(\"p\",{children:[/*#__PURE__*/e(\"em\",{children:'This article was originally published in the \"Swiss Journal of Surveying, Cultural Engineering, and Photogrammetry\u201D now available in the ETH Library, which pays tribute to Heinrich Wild (the son) upon his retirement from the Board of Directors of Kern & Co.'}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{}),\"On September 29, 1967, Heinrich Wild retired as director of the company upon reaching the retirement age. Those not closely affiliated with the company were likely unaware of this, as Mr. Wild preferred not to be celebrated. However, it is a matter of justice to remind our readers of the contributions of the departing individual, to whom the company owes a great deal.\"]}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Heinrich Wild's career at Kern Company is characterized by the following milestones. He joined the company on December 1, 1935, became a procurator in 1941, and was subsequently promoted to head of the technical-scientific department. In September 1950, he was elected director by the board of directors, thus becoming a member of the management team.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Heinrich Wild's entry into Kern Company in 1935 was not arbitrary. Rather, it fulfilled a condition set by his father, Dr. Heinrich C. Wild, when the collaboration between him and Kern was agreed upon in the autumn of the same year. \"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{className:\"trailing-break\"})}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h3\",{children:'\"As an outstanding designer and inventor of geodetic and photogrammetric devices, his father demanded that his son oversee and take responsibility for the proper execution of new designs.\"'}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{className:\"trailing-break\"})}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"He feared that without his son's involvement, which relied on extensive experience in the manufacture of circles and in the assembly of optical theodolites, the agreed collaboration might prove fruitless. \"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Such concerns were understandable, as Kern, although renowned for surveying instruments since 1819, lacked experience in the serial production of theodolites and in manufacturing glass circles with highly precise divisions in 1935. Thus, at the beginning of his career, Heinrich Wild junior spent a significant amount of time in the parts department, boiling wax, grinding with chisels, and conducting partial experiments until, following adjustments to the part machine and the provision of new scribing works, the first glass circles became available. This marked an important initial step. \"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Subsequently, he constructed a circle referencing apparatus and, finally, his own machine parts based on ideas from Dr. Wild. Mr. Wild junior ensured the technically optimal mounting of the vital machines parts on special foundations, thereby laying the groundwork for today's highly precise Kern glass circles. Many technical challenges had to be addressed, and internal resistance had to be overcome until the complete series of new double-circle theodolites and NK levels could be exhibited at the International Geodetic Congress in Rome in 1938. This remarkable achievement was duly acknowledged by the professional community. Unfortunately, soon after, the Second World War broke out, and only a few of the new, modern devices exhibited in Rome could be manufactured.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"However, after the war, the production of surveying instruments was greatly accelerated. Inspired by Dr. h. c. Wild's tilting tripod, the ball joint tripods for the levels were developed. The GK 1, the first instrument with such a tripod without foot screws, was introduced to the market. This was followed by the RK tilt rule. Then came the significant breakthrough of the centering tripod. Subsequently, the greatly simplified ball joint tripod, the GK 0, was created. The NK levels were replaced by the GK levels. The wooden and metal containers had to give way to new plastic containers.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"The introduction of the double-image tachymeter DK-RT at the International Geodetic Congress in Lausanne in 1949 marked the beginning of the development of today's tachymeter series DK-RT - DK-RV - K1-RA. In the post-war period, under the leadership of Heinrich Wild, the world-famous Switar lenses and the Focalpin binoculars with internal focusing were developed. He was the driving force behind the inclusion of photogrammetry in the production program of the Kern company.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{className:\"trailing-break\"})}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h3\",{children:'\"Since Mr. Wild was well acquainted with the requirements that practice imposes on surveying instruments, quality was paramount for him.\"'}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{className:\"trailing-break\"})}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"In the introduction of laboratories and systematic final inspections independent of production, he saw suitable measures to maintain high quality. Mr. Wild had excellent knowledge of theoretical optics and optical system calculations. Therefore, it was natural for him to vigorously advocate for the acquisition of the first electronic computer in 1954.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{className:\"trailing-break\"})}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h3\",{children:'\"After 32 years of service, Mr. Wild can retire with the satisfaction of having achieved great and decisive things with a particularly small staff. The Kern company is greatly indebted to him.\"'}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{className:\"trailing-break\"})}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Although he often anticipated trends with his ideas and the company had to pioneer, today's sales figures and the high recognition of the devices in practice confirm that he was on the right path. He can count many experts in Germany and abroad among his circle of acquaintances. They all appreciate the absolute reliability and the finely sensitive nature of his character, which is not immediately apparent. He was generous in thought and action and very open-minded about social issues. Mr. Wild is fortunate to begin the new phase of his life in excellent health after his retirement. The editorial team of the magazine wishes him all the best!\"})]}),[m]:\"\"},{index:3,id:\"b96VnZuqg\",[o]:\"Explore a 3D model of the 1923 Wild Theodolite T2\",[s]:\"explore-wild-theodolite-3d\",[h]:\"Explore the meticulously crafted 3D model of the Wild Theodolite T2\",[l]:p({src:\"https://framerusercontent.com/images/86q7onGH041QFxxa5CGXFEwjbBA.jpg\",srcSet:\"https://framerusercontent.com/images/86q7onGH041QFxxa5CGXFEwjbBA.jpg?scale-down-to=512 512w,https://framerusercontent.com/images/86q7onGH041QFxxa5CGXFEwjbBA.jpg?scale-down-to=1024 1024w,https://framerusercontent.com/images/86q7onGH041QFxxa5CGXFEwjbBA.jpg 2000w\"},\"\"),[c]:\"2024-02-01T00:00:00.000Z\",[d]:/*#__PURE__*/t(r.Fragment,{children:[/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Explore the meticulously crafted 3D model of the Wild Theodolite T2, a renowned instrument from 1923. Delve into its intricate details and sophisticated mechanisms, uncovering the legacy of precision engineering in surveying technology.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/e(a,{href:\"https://ethz.ch/en.html\",openInNewTab:!0,smoothScroll:!1,children:/*#__PURE__*/e(\"a\",{children:\"Model courtesy of ETH Zurich.\"})})})]}),[m]:'
'},{index:4,id:\"Qbtd0wq1w\",[o]:\"The recent development of some geodetic instruments - Original article written by Heinrich Wild in 1939\",[s]:\"original-article-written-by-heinrich-wild-in-1939\",[h]:'The following article was written by Heinrich Wild and published in the commemorative publication \"Vermessungs-Grundbuch-Karte\" on the occasion of the Swiss National Exhibition, Zurich 1939.',[l]:p({positionX:\"51.8%\",positionY:\"28.9%\",src:\"https://framerusercontent.com/images/KZ5t7cltqyjyTKCjEuZfgnOAAbs.jpg\",srcSet:\"https://framerusercontent.com/images/KZ5t7cltqyjyTKCjEuZfgnOAAbs.jpg?scale-down-to=512 512w,https://framerusercontent.com/images/KZ5t7cltqyjyTKCjEuZfgnOAAbs.jpg?scale-down-to=1024 1024w,https://framerusercontent.com/images/KZ5t7cltqyjyTKCjEuZfgnOAAbs.jpg?scale-down-to=2048 2048w,https://framerusercontent.com/images/KZ5t7cltqyjyTKCjEuZfgnOAAbs.jpg 2400w\"},\"The recent development of some geodetic instruments\"),[c]:\"2024-02-01T00:00:00.000Z\",[d]:/*#__PURE__*/t(r.Fragment,{children:[/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/e(\"em\",{children:'The following article was written by Heinrich Wild and published in the commemorative publication \"Vermessungs-Grundbuch-Karte\" on the occasion of the Swiss National Exhibition, Zurich 1939.'})}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"The modernisation of geodetic instruments had lagged behind that of other instrument types. Already in the last years of the previous century, very modern forms of binoculars, scarcely different from today's models, and shortly thereafter also rangefinders, were built on an entirely new basis. The designers of geodetic instruments paid little heed to this modernisation; their instruments retained the old, sometimes very old, forms, and the practitioner had to help himself as best he could. For example, in 1907 there was usually not even a thread, let alone a diopter division present for adjusting the eyepiece. The fine divisions of the silver circles and the pivots of the horizontal axis were mostly exposed; central clamps, so-called, appeared only occasionally. Spun thread was used for the fine crosshairs, some obtained from specially bred spiders. Special apparatus was constructed for thread stretching, but users were not provided with such equipment. Production consistently took place in small workshops.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{className:\"trailing-break\"})}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"img\",{alt:\"\",className:\"framer-image\",\"data-framer-asset\":\"data:framer/asset-reference,XmuuNiNjP0ot3CsyKHy53jT8Y.jpg\",\"data-framer-height\":\"1500\",\"data-framer-width\":\"2400\",height:\"750\",src:\"https://framerusercontent.com/images/XmuuNiNjP0ot3CsyKHy53jT8Y.jpg\",srcSet:\"https://framerusercontent.com/images/XmuuNiNjP0ot3CsyKHy53jT8Y.jpg?scale-down-to=512 512w,https://framerusercontent.com/images/XmuuNiNjP0ot3CsyKHy53jT8Y.jpg?scale-down-to=1024 1024w,https://framerusercontent.com/images/XmuuNiNjP0ot3CsyKHy53jT8Y.jpg?scale-down-to=2048 2048w,https://framerusercontent.com/images/XmuuNiNjP0ot3CsyKHy53jT8Y.jpg 2400w\",style:{aspectRatio:\"2400 / 1500\"},width:\"1200\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/t(\"em\",{children:[\"Heinrich Wild, left, at the Rh\\xf4ne Glacier in the Swiss Alps, 1901.\",/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{})]})}),/*#__PURE__*/t(\"p\",{children:['With such an instrument, I conducted the triangulation of the Lower Valais at the beginning of this century. On September 1, 1902, in wonderful weather, I was early on the summit of the Dent du Midi and hoped to complete the measurements by noon. Instead, I had to \"adjust\" the instrument for about 2-3 hours, and when it was ready, the first signs of an approaching thunderstorm appeared. In the afternoon, we deposited the instrument on the summit in a sheltered place, carefully covered it with stone slabs, and began the accelerated descent. (Today, no one would likely leave their light instrument up there anymore.)',/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{className:\"trailing-break\"})]}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h3\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/e(\"em\",{children:'\"As significant amounts of fresh snow fell, the continuation of work was only possible after several days. Although the intervening time could be filled with signal stations, etc., it was partially wasted. With a modern instrument that would have been ready for measurement immediately, I could have completed the survey in at most two hours.\"'})}),/*#__PURE__*/t(\"p\",{children:[/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{}),\"It is natural that I was not particularly pleased with my instrument at that time, which incidentally was the best in the topographic office. Various considerations were made; however, as there was no understanding from the construction companies for improving the instruments, all attempts in this direction initially proved fruitless. \"]}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:'The first significant improvement occurred when the repetition system was abandoned. This eliminated the time-consuming \"regulations\" of the double-axis system and increased the accuracy of the measurements. However, a significant drawback immediately emerged: it was necessary to walk around the instrument while reading it, which prompted me to seriously consider designing a new theodolite for the first time (around 1905). '}),/*#__PURE__*/t(\"p\",{children:[\"I contacted a Berlin-based company, which at that time was capable of making the most accurate circle divisions (Note: this can only have been Carl Bamberg in Friedenau), and the result was an instrument that no longer required circumnavigation but was unusable for other reasons because this Berlin company had no idea, by today's standards, of how to mount a somewhat more complicated optical arrangement correctly and permanently. \",/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{className:\"trailing-break\"})]}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h3\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/e(\"em\",{children:'\"This failure delayed modernisation by several years, and it wasn\\'t until 1908, when I had access to the considerable resources of the Zeiss company in Jena, that the actual modernisation could begin.\"'})}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h3\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/e(\"em\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{})})}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"When I arrived in Jena, there were no geodetic instrument designs, but there were experiences available for the precise manufacturing of the optical and mechanical parts, as well as their assembly. The microscope department produced very good screws, guides, and toothed gears; in the distance measuring department, optical and mechanical parts had to be securely stored in large quantities. There were more or less skilled designers, but they knew nothing about geodetic instruments.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"I was personally only familiar with the handling and difficulties of using the instruments in the field; therefore, the chief designer for astronomical instruments was made available to me, and together we created the very first level instrument. The process with this first instrument was roughly as follows: I suggested that we should have a cylinder for the axis, and the chief designer said that this was certainly possible, leading to the borderline case of the non-regulating axis system, with a cylindrical axis made of material with the same coefficient of expansion.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"With this, the axis question was settled for many years, as by continually improving the manufacturing process, genuinely good accuracy was achieved. Through my considerations, the biaxial telescope was then created, where one side moved as before in the main tube. Since sealing caused difficulties and at the same time, there was a desire for the shortest possible telescope, the arrangement with an internal focusing lens was created, which also allowed for better durability of the adjustment.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Now, a more accurate and convenient observation possibility for the level was still lacking, which was usable from both sides. For these somewhat refined requirements, my astronomical designer was no longer of much use to me, as these instruments were too distant from his field. Therefore, there was no alternative but to become the chief designer myself and set up my own design office. This resulted in the new prism system for the coincidence adjustment of the level, the arrangement of the reverse level together with the biaxial telescope, the modification of the lower part, etc., with protected screws.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/t(\"p\",{children:[\"Initially, these instruments were supplied with inadequate tripods; soon after, the new tripod with much greater strength and lighter weight was developed, which has persisted to this day. This tripod was the first (in early 1909) where clamping screws no longer had to be tightened during setup. In terms of containers, an initial attempt with metal was made at that time but was soon abandoned.\",/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{className:\"trailing-break\"})]}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h3\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/e(\"em\",{children:'\"Now there was a small level instrument with relatively high accuracy available, which did not cost significantly more, had much less weight, and allowed for faster work. Argentina and Russia were among the best customers at that time (in Russia, the average lifespan of an instrument of old design was estimated at three years). After the introduction of this first modernised instrument proved very successful, the larger types were built in quick succession.\"'})}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{className:\"trailing-break\"})}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"At that time (around 1900), I had conducted precision levelling between Blei and Neuch\\xe2tel, after being instructed by the excellent Dr. Hilfiker. (Through various leveling operations on the Gurten near Bern.) For this levelling, I was provided with an instrument from Seibt-Breithaupt with a compensating staff. At that time, this instrument was the very latest; I had to try it out. These 30 kilometres, which took about a month, gave me the full experience of the instruments of that time: tightening tripod screws 600 times, reading poorly with a telescope 2400 times, carrying the heavy instrument 600 times, etc.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"When I embarked on the design of the N.J. III in 1911, that beautiful spring month from eleven years ago had not been forgotten, and my first priority was to create a facility to work with a settling bubble. Since I already had the precise observation setup for settling the bubble in the coincidence prism system, the displacement of the target line of the telescope had to be added. To avoid any calculations, it had to be a parallel displacement. The thick plane-parallel plate placed in front of the objective was introduced with an adjustment mechanism that directly allowed the parallel displacement to be read in fractions of millimetres. The horizontal wire of the telescope was replaced by two wedge-shaped lines so that the 1mm thick strip could be comfortably centred at all distances. Only a device independent of wood, which is very moisture-sensitive, was suitable for the staff. As it was also necessary to eliminate the temperature influence simultaneously, the Invar band staff was designed.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"It might be interesting to know how I achieved the very uniform and accurate division (approximately + 1/100 mm). I took a 3m long steel strip of a very specific hardness, a punch with a stamp in the form of lines, and with the help of a 1m long glass scale, the 3m template was punched in the design office, using which the staff divisions were sprayed for many years. I had decals made for the numbers. \"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"The first completed precision level instrument went to the Fergana region in Russian Asia, and it turned out that shipping was only possible if the tripod was much shorter. Thus, the new tripod with retractable legs was created. With the new precision level instrument (with wedge line adjustment and Invar band staff), the majority of the new Swiss national levelling was carried out, for example. An event at that time was when England, initially quite reluctant, purchased 24 precision instruments in a short period and conducted the new English national levelling, along with other projects. The difficulties encountered during this modernisation are evident from the following example. \"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:'A professor, now deceased, explained to my representative during the first demonstration that the large diameter of the objective was dangerous for the accuracy of the measurements because too many \"rays\" were captured, causing disturbances. An intelligent assistant saw the advantages and eventually convinced the professor to approve the purchase. Several years later, with the new instruments under the supervision of this professor, the national levelling was completed, and the professor was converted. Meanwhile, the objectives have become even larger, and the \"rays\" have also fallen into this order.'}),/*#__PURE__*/t(\"p\",{children:[\"In 1912, the design of new theodolites began. The first model was influenced by a larger order from a foreign state, which specified certain conditions (such as repetition device, estimating microscopes, etc.), so this instrument could only be partially modernised. By the outbreak of the World War, the future model had been determined to the extent that the main demands were met. The war completely interrupted the development, as civilian instruments were not allowed to be made until autumn 1918. In late 1918, I revived an idea from 1905, which had been buried as a pious wish, namely the principle of reading circles by coincidence of opposite lines (doubling the measuring interval). A small theodolite with second division in the field of view was created, and this instrument initiated the actual modernisation of the theodolite design.\",/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{className:\"trailing-break\"})]}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h3\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/e(\"em\",{children:'\"As the situation had become untenable due to the war, I returned to Switzerland in 1921, and the workshop \"Heinrich Wild, Workshop for Precision Mechanics and Optics\" was established in Heerbrugg in the Rhine Valley in St. Gallen. In fairly quick succession, the two sizes of the new theodolite model were created here, which could successfully compete with the products of the world company where I had been working shortly before.\"'})}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{className:\"trailing-break\"})}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"While in 1908, the beginning was made with a small levelling instrument, in 1921, first the theodolites and only afterwards the levelling instruments were completed. Various other instruments were also developed, and as a main construction, a new autograph for the evaluation of photographic precision images. I began working on this autograph construction in 1920 after a conference that attempted to divide the world into two areas of interest for the two existing different models. \"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Since I owned the patents for this new autograph construction, the division of the world for the two other models was then omitted, and after the patent specification became known, it was only claimed that my construction was not feasible. Today, despite the alleged infeasibility, a large part of Switzerland has been newly mapped using this autograph, and the result appears in the new map sheets 1:50,000, as well as in the new overview plans 1:10,000 of the land survey. This autograph has also found considerable use abroad.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"For this autograph, a discovery of crucial importance was made, which will be described in more detail below.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Until the spring of 1920, I had never considered incorporating photogrammetry into my work, although I had been encouraged to do so from various quarters earlier. However, the management of the Zeiss company believed that this area should be reserved for their employee, Dr. Pulfrich.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Since 1919, I had no longer been employed by Zeiss, but had promised to remain as a freelance employee in Jena until the spring of 1921. Since this was known, a proposal was made to me by another freelance employee, who was occasionally in Jena, to design an evaluation device where the handle should be firmly connected to the camera. This idea seemed so compelling to me that I immediately began designing such a device.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/t(\"p\",{children:[\"I had already made considerable progress with the design and was busy checking the general idea, i.e., the precise functioning of the apparatus. To my considerable dismay, during this check, it turned out that the basic idea, i.e., the fixed connection of the handle and the camera, was wrong. I dismissed my advisor with great disappointment and was initially at a loss.\",/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{className:\"trailing-break\"})]}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h3\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/e(\"em\",{children:'\"A stiff postcard with a pencil inserted through the middle (as an optical axis) had helped me in checking the functionality. I had marked points in the corners of the card or plate and let this plate holder make the movements that occurred in the device using the pencil (optical axis). This allowed me to discover the flaw in the design and set the matter aside for the time being.\"'})}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{className:\"trailing-break\"})}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"After a few days, I revisited the card with the pencil and decided to determine where the points in the plate corners would actually need to be if the design were to work correctly. In doing so, I discovered the fundamental idea of the new autograph; it turned out that the incorrect and correct points in the plate corners lay on a circle whose center was on the optical axis (pencil). I had thus discovered that by giving the plate holder an additional movement around the optical axis, the arrangement worked correctly.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/t(\"p\",{children:[\"The further treatment of the idea was then of a mathematical nature; I determined the exact formula for the rotation angle r, and since this formula was not usable for mechanisation, an approximate formula was developed. This approximation formula reads: \",/*#__PURE__*/e(\"strong\",{children:\"tan(r) = \\xbd\u221A(sina * tga * sinb * tgb)\"}),\" with an approximation that goes beyond practical needs. According to this formula, the additional movement of the plate holder was then arranged, thus finding an autograph on an entirely new basis, the construction of which could be kept relatively small. The accusation of mechanical impracticability was made by interested parties, apparently because this critic would not have been able to provide a mechanism in this regard. \"]}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"The construction of this device with accuracy calculation took 14 days, mainly because none of the trigonometric functions contained in the formula were readily available for the apparatus.The field of photogrammetry naturally also required the construction of recording devices, photo-theodolites for terrestrial photography, and aerial cameras for aerial surveying. \"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"The first photo-theodolites were equipped with Tessar lenses 1:6.3; f=150 mm because I did not have my own lenses available at the time. As the image quality towards the edge of the plate with these Tessars was inadequate, the redesigning of special lenses had to be undertaken. Two lenses were designed, 1:10 for the photo-theodolites and 1:5 for the aerial cameras, with focal lengths of 165 mm and 240 mm. \"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"These lenses also provided sufficient sharpness for the outermost parts of the image for photogrammetry (a line-shaped object three seconds thick, meaning a thin white window frame at a distance of two kilometres, was sharply imaged). With these designs, the competitiveness of the new Swiss industry was proven.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"As the so-called Koppe principle used in these autographs has certain shortcomings, I later provided a design that does not require the Koppe principle. I sold the relevant patents to the company Wild A.-G. in Heerbrugg at that time, which manufactured this autograph instead of my earlier one; the design itself is not mine.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"In the so-called Koppe system, as is well known, the evaluation device uses the same or very similar lenses as the camera used for taking the photographs. (To neutralise any potential distortion.) This excellent principle, which could be compared to the elimination of axis errors in theodolites through measurements in the second position, has a drawback that does not lie within it but is determined by the current state of technology.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"To this day, we still do not have a lens whose astigmatic correction provides field flattening across the entire extent of the image. In the lenses currently considered, within the range of 2/3 to 3/4 of the maximum image size, one or sometimes both of the astigmatic images deviate from the image plane, usually by amounts ranging from 1-2.5mm, depending on the focal length and type. Despite the lens's otherwise good correction, the plate still receives a sufficiently sharp image, making this error hardly noticeable.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"However, when this flat (determined by the plate plane) image is transferred to the evaluation device and viewed with the same lens, the reversed astigmatism becomes fully apparent. This creates parallax, and since the 2/3 to 3/4 range is particularly important for control points, a point uncertainty arises here, which I found concerning regarding the subsequent image connection. Eliminating distortion is not among the difficult tasks, as I have explained before.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Only when lenses with completely flat fields of view are available will there be no further objection to the Koppe system.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/t(\"p\",{children:[\"For any potential similarity between the autograph I designed and Santoni's, it is best to compare the corresponding two German patent specifications, which show that Santoni's claims are directed quite differently from my patent claims and do not concern the actual principle of this autograph design itself. This had already ceased to be patentable much earlier because it was known.\",/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{className:\"trailing-break\"})]}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h3\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/e(\"em\",{children:'\"After establishing myself here in Baden as a freelance, independent designer several years ago, I continue to develop new instruments, and there is much to say about the latest efforts in the field of modernisation. Indeed, instruments are sufficiently modernised today, and a significant part of the progress made is now common knowledge. Likewise, perceptions regarding intellectual property have been modernised in many places.\"'})}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{className:\"trailing-break\"})}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Previously, a design, even if it came from a competitor, would still be referred to by the name of the original creator for decades. Nowadays, there is generally little understanding for such subtleties.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"A designer worth their salt will never do the same thing twice. The greatest incentive and, at the same time, the greatest encouragement in the field of design comes from competing with oneself.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"The latest theodolites (These theodolites are built under licence by the company Kern & Co. in Aarau and can be viewed at the national exhibition.) are available in five accuracy levels, covering the range from simple lightweight construction and travel instruments to fine triangulation theodolites with a 1/2 second direct indication on the measuring drum.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:'The average reading error ranges from 30 seconds to 1/10 second, approximately in the levels of 30\", 3\", 1\", 1/3\", and 1/10\". They all share the new vertical axis system, which represents the final elimination of the actual axis. Even with the best cylindrical axis, given the available axis length and the necessary oil film between the axis and the bushing, an effective performance of about three seconds cannot be achieved if the axis is to turn relatively easily.'}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"However, with the new triangulation theodolite, three times greater precision has been achieved. This is an axis system capable of one-second performance. Two surfaces made with exceptional accuracy together with precise balls and a proper ball holder result in a precision ball bearing superior to any other axis form. When proper non-adhesive centreing is also ensured, the horizontal micrometer operates completely free of play.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"As the backlash is completely eliminated, the fine crosshair instantly follows the slightest movement of the micrometer screw. Moreover, this arrangement is very insensitive to lubrication and, when executed correctly, is more robust than previous systems with a wasp waist. While I have previously used ball bearings in measuring instruments due to space constraints, these were not intended to increase accuracy and were not executed with the care observed here, providing no indication of the system's performance.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"In the two smaller versions, the axis system is similar but naturally smaller.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:'The conventional tripod screws, which resulted in an instrument tilt of approximately \\xb1 5-6\\xb0, have disappeared. Since the new tripods are equipped with a so-called quick or coarse levelling, only a single turn of the three \"screws\" is now required for instrument levelling.'}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:'These \"screws\" are no longer actual screws but knobs with a horizontal axis and spiral groove. Besides being more compact (they no longer increase the size of the instrument for packaging), the main advantage of this arrangement lies in the elimination of lateral play and backlash.'}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Combined with the tripod head's coarse levelling, the new setup enables faster readiness for measurement.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:'In every theodolite, the method of circle reading naturally plays a significant role. Since 1914, it has been established that both telescope positions can be read from the standpoint (without turning) on every instrument. In terms of the fineness of reading, two strongly different levels can be distinguished. One level requires only minimal accuracy but should provide maximum speed and convenience, i.e., the reading must be possible \"at a glance.\" It is now taken for granted that two opposite circle positions are expressed in a single number.'}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"The other level is intended to achieve the maximum accuracy possible for the given instrument size in a simple manner, even if a knob must be turned before reading, i.e., even if the reading takes slightly longer (but not too long).\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"For the first level, I have applied the coincidence reading with a greatly simplified reading image, i.e., with coarser second division and without a second number series, which results in significantly greater clarity. With the smallest instrument, half or whole minutes (sex. or centesimal) are read in this way, and with the medium-sized instrument, 1/5 or 1/10 minutes sex. or 1/2 minutes centesimal.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Both the smallest and medium-sized instruments are equipped for the second level with a different circle division, and by adding a micrometer, they are configured as second theodolites. For this reading method, the principle of coincidence is no longer applied because, according to my latest research, it does not yield the maximum reading accuracy. In the microscope's field of view, instead of a simple division, a double division is visible; however, each line belongs to the opposite circle position. This double division is read with a micrometer by centering, and the determined number represents the mean of the two circle positions, now 180\\xb0 apart. While with the coincidence setting, if a line has a local minor damage in a critical location, the reading can be falsified by more than the usual error, with the centering setting, the entire line is used, and minor damages only have a fraction of the effect.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:'The smallest instrument has circles with a 50 mm division diameter and a microscope magnification of about 20. The first test instrument with a 400 g division, which is in front of me, is divided into 1/5 g; the second drum shows 10 centesimal seconds in size of about 1 mm, allowing individual seconds to be estimated. The medium reading error is approximately 2.7 centesimal seconds, i.e., less than 1\" of the old division. '}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"The instrument weighs 2 kg and is probably the smallest one-second theodolite currently in existence. Once a specific instrument type has been designed in a size, an analogous larger version is easily possible. However, when shrinking, it becomes evident that certain construction parts cannot be proportionally reduced, such as screws and especially their control knobs. The spaces between the screw knobs must also not fall below a certain dimension. This results in difficulties in reducing, ultimately determining the smallest possible size. Usually, even with moderate reduction, maintaining exactly the same arrangement as the larger prototype is no longer possible. \"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Therefore, with this smallest theodolite, the general construction did not cause the main work but rather the disturbance-free arrangement of the various control organs. This instrument has roughly the same accuracy as the previously mentioned 21 cm microscope theodolite from the Dent du Midi (from 1902), but weighs ten times less.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:'The medium instrument is equipped with 75 mm circles, and its reading error is about three times less, i.e., approximately 1 centesimal second or 0.3\" sex., with the same but finer micrometer setup and stronger microscope magnification.'}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"The largest instrument has a net horizontal circle of 100 mm and a vertical circle of 75 mm. The reading accuracy will be approximately 1/10 second (sex.). I cannot provide further details at the moment about the special setup required to achieve this hitherto unattained accuracy, as the construction is currently ongoing. However, it is expected that such an instrument will be exhibited at the national exhibition.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Lastly, there is still something to be said about the telescopes. The first leveling instrument from 1908 had an objective aperture of 27 mm and a magnification of 20. The instrument from 1922, designed for the same level of accuracy, already had an aperture of 40 mm with a 20-fold magnification. The length of the 40 mm telescope was slightly shorter than that of the older 27 mm one. For comparison, the new telescope of the same length (from the medium theodolite) has a free aperture of 45 mm with a 28-fold magnification. With ordinary telescopes, one has reached the limit, as stronger relative reduction makes it impossible to accomplish color correction sufficiently.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"Some time ago, I therefore searched for another type of telescope because I needed one for the larger theodolite that matched the other performance increases. This type was found in a combination of lenses with concave mirrors. The new telescope has a free aperture of 75 mm and a sighting height of only 75 mm, so the larger instrument has a lower height than the medium one with a 45 mm objective. \"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h3\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/t(\"em\",{children:[/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{}),'\"A universal instrument for astronomical purposes, which I am currently designing, will have a smaller axis height (i.e., measured from the lower edge of the base to the horizontal axis) than the small theodolite from 1922 with only a 40 mm objective aperture, with an aperture of 100 mm and a sighting height of about 100 mm.\"']})}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{className:\"trailing-break\"})}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"The weight of the instrument, once fully packaged, is expected to be less than the weight of the lower part box of the previous 21 cm universal instrument. Therefore, it can be carried by one person. Thus, the limit is reached again for the new type regarding reduction. \"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"The correction of this new telescope is about ten times finer than that of the smaller lens telescopes, i.e., the remaining residual errors, which cannot be eliminated, are only so many hundredths of a millimetre, as compared to the other tenths of a millimetre. Particularly noteworthy is the complete elimination of the secondary spectrum. It is perhaps particularly interesting for Americans that the upright image also fell off, so to speak, as a by-product, without the addition of further optical means, although this caused the telescope length to increase by about a third.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"The new instrument designs outlined here are not intended to lead to a reduction in the prescribed tolerances, i.e., the permissible errors of the measurement end results, as the claims in this regard are already partly exaggerated. Instead, they should enable these end results to be obtained more easily, in less time, and with less effort. It should no longer be necessary for the user of an instrument to adjust it before measurement, as measurement methods have long been known that allow for the elimination of possible instrument errors in a simple manner.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"h3\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/e(\"em\",{children:'\"Now that the instruments are sufficiently modernised, it is finally time for the textbooks and manuals of geodesy, etc. (in the broadest sense) to be brought up to the point that corresponds to the current state of technology. I would like to draw attention to just one, but all the more daunting example in this regard. In 1878, the then head of the Prussian survey, General Schreiber, established regulations for the angle measurements of first order triangulations, some of which are still followed today.\"'})}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{className:\"trailing-break\"})}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:'These regulations stipulated that on every first-order station, all possible angles between the existing directions had to be measured in certain circle positions. It was the famous \"angle measurement in all combinations\" to reduce division errors. I examined this method in detail (around 1904) before starting major measurements in the Vaud region, and found that with a certain number of directions and specific, frequently occurring angle sizes, no elimination of division errors occurs that corresponds to the extensive scope of the measurements. Subsequently, this angle measurement was not used in Swiss triangulation. This method requires such a time investment that triangulation in this way costs about twice as much as when proceeding in a more appropriate manner.'}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"The fact that this method was used for a full 60 years, resulting in a large-scale waste of time, is primarily due to the so-called great literature and the instruction of young surveyors influenced by it. The outdated and sometimes inadequate knowledge of instruments conveyed by this literature is also largely responsible for so much valuable time being lost by amateur inventors.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"p\",{children:\"This is not written because increased knowledge of instruments is absolutely necessary for the new instruments, as it is actually the opposite. Formerly, the instruments were impractical, and knowledge of them was often deficient; today, good instruments are available, and even with somewhat deficient knowledge of instruments, a significantly better minimum will be obtained than before. However, the instruments are not meticulously developed so that one obtains a decent minimum with them, but rather so that one enjoys the measurement and takes the slight trouble to become so familiar with one's instrument that one achieves a maximum of accuracy with minimal time and effort.\"}),/*#__PURE__*/t(\"p\",{children:[\"Baden, March 1, 1939.\",/*#__PURE__*/e(\"br\",{}),/*#__PURE__*/e(\"strong\",{children:\"Heinrich Wild\"})]})]}),[m]:\"\"}];for(let e of u)Object.freeze(e);i(u,{nfStMbiy9:{defaultValue:\"\",title:\"Title\",type:n.String},rIicf63IX:{title:\"Slug\",type:n.String},GwxTwho3z:{defaultValue:\"\",title:\"Summary\",type:n.String},VoZVUMm_u:{title:\"Featured Image\",type:n.ResponsiveImage},a3pSDzPHO:{title:\"Publish Date\",type:n.Date},TwxOCANHd:{defaultValue:\"\",title:\"Article Content\",type:n.RichText},xrtj84AtX:{defaultValue:\"\",title:\"Name\",type:n.String}}),u.displayName=\"articles\";export default u;export const enumToDisplayNameFunctions={};export const 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